Ackerknecht, E. A Short History of Medicine. Clendening, L. Source Book of Medical History. Dover Publications, Inc. New York. Debus, A. Pagel, W. Karger, Basel, Switzerland. Sigerist, H. The Great Doctors. A Biographical History of Medicine. Doubleday, New York. Temkin, C. Four Treatises of Theophrastus von Hohenheim called Paracelsus. Sigerist, Ed. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.
Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Paracelsus: Herald of Modern Toxicology. Borzelleca Joseph F. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Cite Cite Joseph F. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions.
Issue Section:. Download all slides. Comments 0. Add comment Close comment form modal. I agree to the terms and conditions. You must accept the terms and conditions. Add comment Cancel. Submit a comment. Comment title. You have entered an invalid code. Submit Cancel. Thank you for submitting a comment on this article. In the biomedical area, toxicologists are concerned with mechanisms of action and exposure to chemical agents as a cause of acute and chronic illness.
Toxicologists contribute to physiology and pharmacology by using toxic agents to understand physiological phenomena. They are involved in the recognition, identification, and quantification of hazards resulting from occupational exposure to chemicals and the public health aspects of chemicals in air, water, other parts of the environment, foods, and drugs.
Traditionally, toxicologists have been intimately involved in the discovery and development of new drugs and pesticides. Toxicologists also participate in the development of standards and regulations designed to protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects of chemicals. Environmental toxicologists a relatively new subset of the discipline have expanded toxicology to study the effects of chemicals in flora and fauna.
Molecular toxicologists are studying the mechanisms by which toxicants modulate cell growth and differentiation and cells respond to toxicants at the level of the gene. In all branches of toxicology, scientists explore the mechanisms by which chemicals produce adverse effects in biological systems. Clinical toxicologists develop antidotes and treatment regimes to ameliorate poisonings and xenobiotic injury.
Toxicologists carry out some or all of these activities as members of academic, industrial, and governmental organizations. In doing so, they share methodologies for obtaining data about the toxicity of materials and the responsibility for using this information to make reasonable predictions regarding the hazards of the material to people and the environment.
These different but complementary activities characterize the discipline of toxicology. Toxicology, like medicine, is both a science and an art. The science of toxicology is defined as the observational and data-gathering phase, whereas the art of toxicology consists of the utilization of the data to predict outcomes of exposure in human and animal populations.
In most cases, these phases are linked because the facts generated by the science of toxicology are used to develop extrapolations and hypotheses to explain the adverse effects of chemical agents in situations where there is little or no Your MyAccess profile is currently affiliated with '[InstitutionA]' and is in the process of switching affiliations to '[InstitutionB]'.
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Learn More. Sign in via OpenAthens. Toxicology is a field of science that helps us understand the harmful effects that chemicals, substances, or situations, can have on people, animals, and the environment. Medical Definition of toxicology : the scientific study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on the living organism. Human toxicology examines the adverse effects of chemical substances on the human body.
The toxicity of a substance depends on its mechanism of action and the ingested amount or concentration. There are four primary types of toxicology screening: medical testing.
Venom is a specialised type of poison that has evolved for a specific purpose. It is actively injected via a bite or sting. Because venom has a mixture of small and large molecules, it needs a wound to be able to enter the body, and to be effective must find its way into the bloodstream.
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