Russian domestic policy, of course, cannot be neatly separated from escalating European tensions. Nor should the role of Nicholas be reduced to misfortunate victim of events. Nicholas may have been better suited to the role of constitutional monarch but he clung to a system inadequately managing social and economic change and poorly coordinating the state at war.
International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. DOI : Version 1. Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia. By Siobhan Peeling. Selected Bibliography Anan'ich, Boris V. Lieven, Dominic C. Twilight of the Empire , New York St. Martin's Press.
Relics, remains and the Romanovs , London Routledge. Steinberg, Mark D. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. His son, Nicholas II, becomes the emperor of Russia. May 26, The coronation of Nicholas II. January 23, Bloody Sunday; the Russian people lose faith in their Czar. Czar Nicholas is forced to create a constitution and the Duma. March 15, Nicholas II forced to abdicate throne. That same month, the new czar married Alexandra, a German-born princess who came to have great influence over her husband.
After a period of mourning for his late father, Nicholas and Alexandra were crowned czar and czarina in May As the ruler of Russia, Nicholas resisted calls for reform and sought to maintain czarist absolutism; although he lacked the strength of will necessary for such a task. The disastrous outcome of the Russo-Japanese War led to the Russian Revolution of , which Nicholas only diffused after approving a representative assembly—the Duma—and promising constitutional reforms.
The czar soon retracted these concessions and repeatedly dissolved the Duma, contributing to the growing public support enjoyed by the Bolsheviks and other revolutionary groups. In , Nicholas led his country into another costly war—World War I—and discontent grew as food became scarce, soldiers became war-weary, and devastating defeats at the hands of Germany demonstrated the ineffectiveness of Russia under Nicholas.
In , the czar personally took over command of the army, leaving the Czarina Alexandra in control at home. In March , the army garrison at Petrograd joined striking workers in demanding socialist reforms, and Nicholas II was called on to abdicate.
On March 15, he renounced the throne in favor of his brother Michael, whose refusal of the crown brought an end to the czarist autocracy in Russia. In April , Nicholas and his family were transferred to Yekaterinburg in the Urals, which sealed their doom. She was reserved and awkward in public. More importantly, she was a German princess and some were suspicious as to where here loyalties lay in the war. Alexandra gained increasing influence over the appointment of ministers to the government.
She was determined that no member of the imperial government should ever be in a sufficiently strong position to challenge the authority of her beloved husband. She appointed less threatening, sometimes incompetent, ministers to replace those who knew how to govern. As a result, members of the government tended to be increasingly weak and ineffective men.
They owed their positions to winning favour with the Tsarina, rather than their ability and effectiveness. This would have been bad enough with Russia at peace, but in wartime, it led inevitably to disaster for the monarchy and for Russia. The imperial family was brought into disrepute as the Tsarina fell under the influence of Grigori Rasputin.
Rasputin was a monk from Siberia. He was rumoured to be a Khlyst, member of an extreme underground sect that had split from the Orthodox Church.
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